| 翻訳と辞書 |
| Muscidifurax uniraptor ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Muscidifurax uniraptor
''Muscidifurax uniraptor'' is a species of wasp (the taxonomic order Hymenoptera) in the family Pteromalidae. The species does not currently have a common name. ''M. uniraptor'' is a pupal parasitoid of synanthropic filth-breeding Diptera and is a natural enemy of the housefly ''Musca domestica'' and the stable fly ''Stomoxys calcitrans''
==Wolbachia Symbiosis==
''Wolbachia'', a cytoplasmically inherited intracellular bacteria, is commonly found in ''M. uniraptor.'' ''Wolbachia'' is generally found in the reproductive organs of its host species and can be transferred from female to offspring through the egg cytoplasm.〔 This particular form of bacteria has been known to cause many reproductive and sex ratio disorders in various insect species.〔 However, its seems to hold a beneficial relationship with its host species, ''M. uniraptor'', with reference to fecundity and the ability to induce reproduction of fertile, viable offspring under uniparental reproduction. The actual process of gamete duplication differs among the insects that have been infected with ''Wolbachia'', including a similar species of wasp called ''Muscidifurax raptorellus.'' The bacteria has been known to cause Cytoplasmic Incompatibility, Thelytoky, and Feminization in these various species. Traditionally, ''M. uniraptor'' determines the sex of offspring using Haplodiploidy. The males are produced as haploids from unfertilized eggs while females are produced as diploids from fertilized eggs. According to this, ''M. uniraptor'' would normally produce both male and female offspring. However ''Wolbachia'' causes thelytoky, a type of parthenogenesis in which females asexually reproduce only female offspring.〔 Studies have shown that ''M. uniraptor'' follows the process of automixis, or meiotic thelytoky, where meiosis occurs in the developing oocyte and diploidy is restored by fusing the meiotic or mitotic products yielding diploid females or haploid males.〔 Over time, the bacteria, ''Wolbachia'', has evolved with this species of wasp to induce irreversible thelytokous reproduction. When ''Wolbachia'' is killed off by an experimentally administered antibiotic such as rifampicin, the ''M. uniraptor'' females should be able to produce both male and female offspring since the bacteria is not present to induce thelytoky. However, these offspring do not carry viable sperm.〔 This implies that ''Wolbachia'' establishes itself early in the females in order to ensure its transfer into future offspring, although this risks the host species's ability to sexually reproduce. These studies also established three primary reasons for why this relationship is necessary. First, the males of the species no longer produced viable sperm for sexual reproduction. Second, the females did not respond to any cues or advances by the males for sexual reproduction. Third, the females had lost a major muscle in their spermathecae that allowed them to contain sperm after sexual reproduction.〔 Without the symbiotic relationship between ''Wolbachia'' and ''M. uniraptor'', the wasp species would not persist alone by means of sexual reproduction because of their evolutionary alterations that increase the fitness of the persisting relationship. ''Muscidifurax uniraptor'' now holds an endosymbiotic relationship with ''Wolbachia'', and it has evolved to depend on this bacteria for reproduction and survival.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Muscidifurax uniraptor」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|